Emerging polymeric materials for treatment of oral diseases: design strategy towards a unique oral environment.

Oral diseases are prevalent but challenging diseases owing to the highly movable and wet, microbial and inflammatory environment. Polymeric materials are regarded as one of the most promising biomaterials due to their good compatibility, facile preparation, and flexible design to obtain multifunctionality. Therefore, a variety of strategies have been employed to develop materials with improved therapeutic efficacy by overcoming physicobiological barriers in oral diseases. In this review, we summarize the design strategies of polymeric biomaterials for the treatment of oral diseases. First, we present the unique oral environment including highly movable and wet, microbial and inflammatory environment, which hinders the effective treatment of oral diseases. Second, a series of strategies for designing polymeric materials towards such a unique oral environment are highlighted. For example, multifunctional polymeric materials are armed with wet-adhesive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory functions through advanced chemistry and nanotechnology to effectively treat oral diseases. These are achieved by designing wet-adhesive polymers modified with hydroxy, amine, quinone, and aldehyde groups to provide strong wet-adhesion through hydrogen and covalent bonding, and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, by developing antimicrobial polymers including cationic polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and antibiotic-conjugated polymers, and by synthesizing anti-inflammatory polymers with phenolic hydroxy and cysteine groups that function as immunomodulators and electron donors to reactive oxygen species to reduce inflammation. Third, various delivery systems with strong wet-adhesion and enhanced mucosa and biofilm penetration capabilities, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, patches, and microneedles, are constructed for delivery of antibiotics, immunomodulators, and antioxidants to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we provide insights into challenges and future development of polymeric materials for oral diseases with promise for clinical translation.

Hsa_circ_0013561 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor progression by regulating ANXA2 via miR-23b-3p in ovarian cancer.

Our preliminary experiment discovered that hsa_circ_0013561 was aberrantly expressed in OC. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. The expression of hsa_circ_0013561 in OC cells and tissues was detected by RT-qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The effects of hsa_circ_0013561 on the proliferation and metastasis of OC were explored by functional experiments such as cell counting kit-8, transwell, and tumor xenograft models. To mechanistically understand the regulatory role of hsa_circ_0013561, bioinformatics analysis, Western blot, luciferase reporter assay, and a series of rescue experiments were applied. We found that the hsa_circ_0013561 expression was elevated in OC cells and tissues, and was correlated with metastasis formation. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0013561 suppressed the proliferation and migration of OC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Regarding the interactions of hsa_circ_0013561, the luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-23b-3p and Annexin A2 (ANXA2) were its downstream targets. MiR-23b-3p inhibition or ANXA2 overexpression reversed OC cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) post-hsa_circ_0013561 silencing. Moreover, ANXA2 overexpression also reversed OC cell migration, proliferation, and EMT after miR-23b-3p upregulation. Our data suggest that hsa_circ_0013561 increases the expression of ANXA2 by regulating miR-23b-3p competitively, resulting in EMT and metastasis of OC. Thus, hsa_circ_0013561 may serve as a novel oncogenic biomarker for OC progression.

Experience with successful treatment of severe recurrent vulvar adhesions: A case report.

Vulvar adhesions are defined as partial or complete adherence of the labia minora and/or labia majora. Vulvar adhesions are rare, especially in postmenopausal women.This article describes a case of postmenopausal recurrent vulvar adhesions successfully treated with surgery. The patient was a 52-year-old woman who had undergone manual separation and surgical adhesion release due to vulvar adhesions, which recurred soon after treatment. The patient then came to our hospital for treatment because of complete dense adhesions to the vulva and laboured urination. The patient received surgical treatment, the anatomical structure of the vulva recovered well, and the symptoms affecting the urinary system disappeared. There was no readhesion during the 3-month follow-up.

MXene Nanosheets Induce Efficient Iron Selenide Active Sites to Boost the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Along with the widespread utilization of hydrogen energy, the rise of highly active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts with affordable costs presently becomes a substantial crux of this emerging domain. In this work, we demonstrate a feasible and convenient in situ seed-induced growth strategy for the construction of small-sized FeSe2 nanoparticles decorated on two-dimensional (2D) superthin Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets (FeSe2/Ti3C2Tx) through a manipulated bottom-up synthetic procedure. By virtue of the distinctive 0D/2D heterostructures, abundant exposed surface area, well-distributed FeSe2 catalytic centers, strong surface electronic coupling, and high electrical conductivity, the resultant FeSe2/Ti3C2Tx nanoarchitectures are endowed with a superior electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution capacity including a competitive onset potential of 89 mV, a favorable Tafel slope of 78 mV dec-1, and a long-period stability, significantly better than that of the pristine FeSe2 and Ti3C2Tx catalysts.

Prediction of the immunological and prognostic value of five signatures related to fatty acid metabolism in patients with cervical cancer.

A growing attention has been attached to the role of fatty acid metabolism (FAM) in the development of cancer, and cervical cancer (CC) is still the primary cause of cancer-associated death in women worldwide. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the possible prognostic significance of FAM in CC. In this study, CC samples and corresponding normal samples were acquired from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was conducted for calculating FAM-related scores (FAMRs) to screen FAM-related genes (FAMRGs). Two subtypes related to FAM were identified by consistent clustering. Among them, subtype C2 had a poor prognosis, and C1 had a high level of immune cell infiltration, while C2 had a high possibility of immune escape and was insensitive to chemotherapy drugs. Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two subtypes, a 5-gene signature (PLCB4, FBLN5, TSPAN8, CST6, and SERPINB7) was generated by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Akaike information criterion (AIC). The model demonstrated a high prognostic accuracy (area under the curve (AUC)>0.7) in multiple cohorts and was one independent prognostic factor for CC patients. Accordingly, FAMRGs can be adopted as a biomarker for the prediction of CC patients' prognosis and help guide the immunotherapy of CC.

Intelligent design of polymersomes for antibacterial and anticancer applications.

Polymersomes (or polymer vesicles) have attracted much attention for biomedical applications in recent years because their lumen can be used for drug delivery and their coronas and membrane can be modified with a variety of functional groups. Thus, polymersomes are very suitable for improved antibacterial and anticancer therapy. This review mainly highlighted recent advances in the synthetic protocols and design principles of intelligent antibacterial and anticancer polymersomes. Antibacterial polymersomes are divided into three categories: polymersomes as antibiotic nanocarriers, intrinsically antibacterial polymersomes, and antibacterial polymersomes with supplementary means including photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Similarly, the anticancer polymersomes are divided into two categories: polymersomes-based delivery systems and anticancer polymersomes with supplementary means. In addition, the bilateral relationship between bacteria and cancer is addressed, since more and more evidences show that bacteria may cause cancer or promote cancer progression. Finally, prospective on next-generation antibacterial and anticancer polymersomes are discussed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.

Identification of the Ferroptosis-Associated Gene Signature to Predict the Prognostic Status of Endometrial Carcinoma Patients.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common gynecological carcinomas. As previously described, ferroptosis was reported to exhibit a significant association with the development of malignant neoplasms. Nevertheless, there are few studies towards the association between the implication of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) and the prognostic status of patients with EC. Our study demonstrated that ferroptosis-related genes were evidently differently expressed in EC. Further analysis showed that SLC7A11, SAT1, CDKN1A, and TP5MC3 expression was linked to the low stage, grade of pTNM, and longer survival time. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that these ferroptosis-related regulators played a crucial role in EC by modulating multiple biological processes, such as cell cycle, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), metabolism-related pathways, ERK activation, p53 signaling pathway, cellular senescence, TAp63 pathway, and Notch signaling pathway. Of note, our results showed that ATP5MC3, CDKN1A, and SLC7A11 expression was dramatically positively related with the tumor mutational burden (TMB) score in EC. However, we did not observe a significant correlation between SAT1 and the TMB score in EC. These findings for the first time demonstrated that ferroptosis was displayed crucially in EC progression. We speculated that our findings offered novel targets and strategies for personalized treatment.

ADSC Exosomes Mediate lncRNA-MIAT Alleviation of Endometrial Fibrosis by Regulating miR-150-5p.

BACKGROUND: Secondary infertility remains a major complication of endometrial fibrosis in women. The use of exosomes from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) has shown promising results for the treatment of endometrial fibrosis. However, the mechanisms of action of ADSC-exosome (ADSC-Exo) therapy remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An endometrial fibrosis model was established in mice treated with alcohol and endometrial epithelial cells (ESCs) treated with TGF-ß1. ADSCs were isolated from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and exosomes were isolated from ADSCs using ExoQuick reagent. Exosomes were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), NanoSight, and Western blot analysis. The expression level of lncRNA-MIAT was detected by qPCR analysis. Western blot analysis was carried out to determine the protein levels of fibrosis markers (TGFßR1, α-SMA, and CK19). A dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the relationship between target genes. The endometrial tissues of the endometrial fibrosis model were stained with HE and Masson's trichrome. RESULTS: ADSCs and ADSC-Exos were successfully isolated, and the expression level of lncRNA-MIAT was significantly down-regulated in endometrial tissue and the TGF-ß1-induced ESC injury model, whereas ADSC-Exos increased the expression of lncRNA-MIAT in the TGF-ß1-induced ESC model. Functionally, ADSC-Exo treatment repressed endometrial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by decreasing the expression of hepatic fibrosis markers (α-SMA and TGFßR1) and increasing the expression of CK19. Moreover, miR-150-5p expression was repressed by lncRNA-MIAT in the TGF-ß1-induced ESC injury model. The miR-150-5p mimic promoted TGF-ß1-induced ESC fibrosis. CONCLUSION: ADSC-Exos mediate lncRNA-MIAT alleviation of endometrial fibrosis by regulating miR-150-5p, which suggests that lncRNA-MIAT from ADSC-Exos may be a viable treatment for endometrial fibrosis.

Identification of Potential Hub Genes and miRNA-mRNA Pairs Related to the Progression and Prognosis of Cervical Cancer Through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.

In recent years, the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer have increased worldwide. At the same time, increasing data have confirmed that miRNA-mRNA plays a positive or negative regulatory role in many cancers. This study attempted to screen effective miRNA-mRNA in the progression of cervical cancer, and to study the mechanism of miRNA-mRNA in the progression of cervical cancer. The expression profile data of GSE7410, GSE 63514, GSE 86100 and TCGA-CESC were downloaded, and 34 overlapping differentially expressed genes (22 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated) and 166 miRNAs (74 down-regulated and 92 up-regulated) were screened through limma package. Then, miR-197-3p/TYMS pairs were obtained by PPI, functional enrichment, Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis, Cox univariate and multivariate analysis, risk modeling, WGCNA, qPCR and dual-luciferase experiments. The results showed that TYMS was an independent prognostic factor of cervical cancer, and its expression level was negatively correlated with cervical cancer tissue grade (TMN), tumor grade, age, microsatellite stability and tumor mutation load, and positively correlated with methyl expression in DNMT1, DNMT2, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Functional experiments showed that TYMS knockout could promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of HeLa cells and reduce apoptosis. Overexpression of TYMS showed the opposite trend, miR-197-3p was negatively correlated with the expression of TYMS. MiR-197-3p inhibitor reversed the effect of si-TYMS on the proliferation of HeLa cells. In conclusion, these results reveal that TYMS plays a very important role in the prognosis and progression of cervical cancer, and has the potential to be thought of as cervical cancer biomarkers. At the same time, miR-197-3p/TYMS axis can regulate the deterioration of cervical cancer cells, which lays a foundation for the molecular diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

Tetracaine combined with propofol for painless oocyte retrieval: from a single center study.

BACKGROUND: In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer is a main assisted reproductive technique that can improve the success rate of conception. At present, the ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval is often employed in clinics, but this process will cause pain and fear in outpatients. This study explored the safety and satisfaction of patients who received egg retrieval under vaginal topical tetracaine anesthesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia. METHODS: Patients who underwent elective egg retrieval in the Reproductive Center of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital were recruited from January 2017 to August 2018 [tetracaine + propofol group (n=53); propofol group (n=48)]. RESULTS: Results showed that tetracaine combined with propofol anesthesia could effectively reduce the dose of propofol during surgery, ensure the quality of follicles, effectively reduce the postoperative pain and improve the operational satisfaction without affecting the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence for further clinical applications of this technique.

Adipose-derived stem cells transplantation improves endometrial injury repair.

Endometrial injury is an important cause of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), amenorrhea and infertility in women, with limited effective therapies. Recently, stem cells have been used in animal experiments to repair and improve injured endometrium. To date, our understanding of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in endometrial injury repair and their further therapeutic mechanisms is incomplete. Here, we examined the benefit of ADSCs in restoration of injured endometrium by applying a rat endometrial injury model. The results revealed by immunofluorescence showed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled ADSCs can differentiate into endometrial epithelial cells in vivo. At 30 days after ADSCs transplantation, injured endometrium was significantly improved, with increased microvessel density, endometrial thickness and glands when compared with the model group. Furthermore, the fertility of rats with injured endometrium in ADSCs group was improved and had a higher conception rate (60% vs 20%, P = 0.014) compared with the control phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group. However, there was no difference in the control group compared with the sham group. In addition, expression levels of the oestrogen receptor Eα/ß (ERα, ERß) and progesterone receptor (PR) detected by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were higher in the ADSCs group than in the PBS group. Taken together, these results suggested that ADSC transplantation could improve endometrial injury as a novel therapy for IUA.

Clinical significance of Sam68 expression in endometrial carcinoma.

Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kDa) is a substrate for tyrosine kinase c-Src during mitosis. The nuclear protein level has been found to be associated with progression and prognosis in various human malignant tumors. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical value of Sam68 in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Sam68 expression was confirmed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent assay in primary normal endometrial epithelial cells, endometrial carcinoma cell lines, as well as seven pairs of EC and matched adjacent noncancerous endometrial tissues. Moreover, the protein level of Sam68 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of surgical specimens derived from 131 patients including primary endometrial carcinoma (n = 95), endometrial atypical hyperplasia (precancerous lesions, n = 26), and normal endometria (n = 10). In endometrial cancer cell lines, RNA interfering approach was employed to downregulate Sam68 expression to determine its role in proliferation. Clinicopathological relevance and prognostic associations were examined by statistical analyses. Compared with normal endometrial and endometrial atypical hyperplasia tissues, Sam68 significantly elevated in endometrial cancer samples (P < 0.01), which was negative or low in 37 cases (38.9 %) and high in 58 cases (61.1 %). The high expression of Sam68 was associated with histological grade (P < 0.001), FIGO stage (P = 0.039), and myometrial invasion (P = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that overexpression of Sam68 correlated with shorter overall survival. It is confirmed by univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.048, respectively). Additionally, we found that Sam68 was highly expressed at both the transcriptional and translational levels in endometrial cancer cell lines (Ishikawa, HEC-1B, AN3CA, KLE, and RL95-2) and siRNA knockdown of Sam68 remarkably inhibited cellular proliferation in in vitro models. Sam68 may be useful prognostic marker for EC, and it plays an important role in promoting the cellular proliferation. Further investigation of Sam68 as a potential therapeutic target for EC patients could be of interest.

Downregulation of microRNA-145 is associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in human cervical cancer.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the processes of tumor initiation and progression. However, miR-145 expression in cervical cancer has been rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance and prognostic value of miR-145 expression in cervical cancer. MiR-145 expression in 114 pairs of human cervical cancer and adjacent normal tissues was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results showed that miR-145 expression was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues when compared with corresponding adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001). It was also significantly lower in the cancerous tissues of patients with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage cervical cancer than those with early FIGO stage (P = 0.006). In addition, miR-145 was expressed at significantly lower levels in lymph node metastasis-positive patients than in lymph node metastasis-negative patients (P = 0.037). Moreover, poorly differentiated tumors expressed lower miR-145 than well or moderately differentiated tumors (P = 0.012). Patients with vascular invasion or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection also had lower miR-145 expression levels than those without (P = 0.016 and P = 0.025, respectively). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that cervical cancer patients with low miR-145 expression had shorter overall survival time than those with high miR-145 expression (P < 0.001). When analyzed with a multivariate Cox regression model, miR-145 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Taken together, our results suggest that downregulation of miR-145 in cervical cancer is associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis and that miR-145 may serve as a prognostic marker.

CBX8, a novel DNA repair protein, promotes tumorigenesis in human esophageal carcinoma.

DNA damage response and repair are carried out by certain proteins following damage by environmental clastogens, such as ionizing radiation and reactive oxygen species. It has been reported that many carcinomas that are characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and poor outcomes show dysfunction of these proteins. Chromobox homologue 8 (CBX8), a member of the polycomb group of proteins, has been identified as a factor that protects tumor cells from the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In this study, we found that CBX8 was up-regulated in esophageal carcinoma tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.01) and correlated with TNM stage in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Depletion of CBX8 decreased cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and increased the phosphorylation levels of p21, Wee1, and CHK1, which result in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition and cell-cycle delay. CBX8 depletion also led to accumulation of spontaneous DNA damage and raised the sensitivity of tumor cells to IR or H2O2. We also found that the total level of CBX8 in the cells was increased after treating tumor cells with clastogens. In addition, our data showed that decreased CBX8 expression was accompanied by the reduction of EZH2 and EED, which have been reported to participate in DNA damage repair. Collectively, CBX8 might emerge as an oncogene for promoting the proliferation of tumor cells and raising the resistance of neoplasms to chemotherapy.

Mir-375 enhances ruthenium-derived compound Rawq01 induced cell death in human ovarian cancer.

UNLABELLED: Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Limited efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy is a key obstacle in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether Mir-375 enhances Rawq01 (a ruthenium derived compound) induced cell death in ovarian cancer. METHODS: Three human ovarian cancer cell lines were selected, and independently treated with Rawq01+mir-375 and Rawq01+control. MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect the growth of ovarian cancer cells. Western blot was carried out to determine the expression of apoptotic associated proteins. In addition, ovarian cancer xenografts were established to explore whether mir-375 increased the in vivo chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to RAWQ01. RESULTS: Over-expression of mir-375 sensitized the ovarian cancer cells to RAWQ01. Mir-375 enhanced the in vitro sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to RAWQ01 by inducing apoptosis. Mir-375 also increased the in vivo chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to RAWQ01. CONCLUSION: Mir-375 can enhance Rawq01 induced cell death in human ovarian cancer both in vitro and in vivo.